Human papillomavirus as a major factor in the development of cervical dysplasia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2415-8127.2025.71.12Keywords:
cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus, dyskaryosis, immunohistochemistry, oncogenic proteins, women, treatment, preventionAbstract
Introduction. Among oncological diseases, cervical cancer ranks second after breast cancer and is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in Ukraine. Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous disease associated with human papillomavirus, specifically with highly oncogenic strains. Despite the strong association of HPV with cervical cancer, HPV alone is not sufficient to initiate the tumour process. Pre- tumour conditions with a low degree of differentiation in the setting of HPV infection do not always progress to invasive cancer. Various factors such as immunity, hormonal imbalance, and co-infection with other immunodeficiency conditions also play a role. In cervical dysplasia, the maturation and differentiation of squamous cells is impaired. Early sexual activity and frequent change of sexual partners are risk factors for human papillomavirus infection.The purpose of the study is to analyse the world literature on the role of human papillomavirus as a factor in the development of cervical dysplasia.Research results and their discussion – cervical dysplasia is a disease that disrupts the structure, differentiation, and maturation of cells of the cervical squamous epithelium. Cervical dysplasia is a fairly common condition among women of reproductive age, especially at the age of 25-35, when the highest risk of cervical tissue damage is associated with active replication of human papillomavirus (HPV). It is believed that this condition occurs in 1-5% of women undergoing screening examinations. However, the incidence of dysplasia among women who do not regularly undergo screening may be higher. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia at the cytological and histological level is characterized by acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and cell structure disorders (nuclear polymorphism, changes in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio towards the nucleus, vacuolation). Conclusions. Cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer remain a significant health problem despite advances in prevention, diagnosis and treatment. One of the main causes of these diseases is infection with oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular types 16 and 18. Screening programmes are aimed at early detection of cervical precancerous lesions and cancer, reducing morbidity and mortality.Cytological abnormalities in smears (dyskaryosis) correlate to some extent with histological abnormality (CIN). Widespread vaccination coverage, regular screening, and improved treatment methods will help reduce the incidence of precancerous conditions and cervical cancer.
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