Traumatic disease of the maxillofacial region in the structure of polytrauma: epidemiology and clinical features
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2415-8127.2025.72.20Keywords:
maxillofacial trauma, facial skeleton fractures, epidemiology of trauma, mandibular fracture, midface trauma, brain injury, multidisciplinary treatment, rehabilitationAbstract
The article presents a retrospective analysis of maxillofacial trauma disease sustained by residents of the Prydniprovsko-Donetskyi region of Ukraine during the period 2015–2020, prior to the full-scale war. The primary aim was to investigate the types of maxillofacial trauma, their etiological factors, anatomical distribution, age and gender characteristics, and the frequency of concomitant injuries. The study included 1,836 cases of polytrauma involving facial bone fractures, soft tissue injuries, and associated systemic trauma. The most common injuries were mandibular fractures (39%), dentoalveolar injuries (20%), and soft tissue trauma (18%). The findings showed that maxillofacial injuries were frequently associated with brain injuries (39.1%) and ophthalmologic damages (23%). Complications occurred in 97% of patients, with a mortality rate up to 3%. In case of combined trauma, in particular, damage to the maxillofacial area, the development of traumatic disease has its own characteristics, due to the anatomical and physiological specificity of this area. The proportion of damage to the maxillofacial area varies depending on the nature of the traumatic agent. Such injuries are often combined with craniocerebral trauma, fractures of the limbs, damage to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This makes the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of such patients difficult. The initial period of traumatic disease is accompanied by pronounced hemodynamic changes, shock, blood loss, which in case of combined trauma significantly complicates the course of the pathological process. In the future, inflammatory and trophic disorders come to the fore, requiring a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Particular attention should be paid to the development of infectious complications resulting from open fractures, impaired tightness of natural barriers, aspiration syndrome, prolonged intubation, and other factors. The results highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing patients with polytrauma, particularly the involvement of a maxillofacial surgeon at all stages of treatment.
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