Commensal, pathogen or mutualist? Who for us are the mushrooms Malassezia spp.
Keywords:
seborrheic dermatitis, IL, commensal, microbiome, skin immune system.Abstract
Introduction. High content of fungi of the genus Malassezia spp. in the composition of the microbiome of the skin gives an understanding of their role on healthy and diseased skin and is crucial for the development of knowledge about skin homeostasis. Over the last decade, new methods of cultivation, identification and various genetic manipulations with Malassezia spp. have revealed not only their high prevalence in the environment, but also new data on the role in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. The aim of the study was to analyze the literature on the interaction of fungi of the genus Malassezia spp with human immunity and to identify patterns for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. Materials and methods. Articles from Wiley online library, Cochrane library, Medline were analyzed. Results. The immune response to Malassezia spp. of the healthy individuals and patients with seborrheic dermatitis were described. The immunomodulatory properties of these fungi were highlighted. Conclusions. The application of this knowledge should help in understanding of the principles of interaction of Malassezia spp. with the skin, including vivid examples of pathogenicity, commensalism and potential protective or mutualistic role. An in-depth understanding of the host-fungi interactions leads to the identification of key factors that maintain the skin in a state of harmonious understanding or, in turn, that initiate pathogenic changes. These approaches lead to the development of new therapeutic goals and treatment options. This review examines the healthy, manipulative and painful "relationship" between our body and fungi of the genus Malassezia spp.
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