Characteristics of modern methods of diagnosis of urolithiasis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2415-8127.2023.68.23Keywords:
urolithiasis, nephrourolithiasis, ultrasound dopplerometry, scintigraphy, calculusAbstract
Introduction. Urinary stone disease (USD) is a fairly common disease. Therefore, the problem of nephrolithiasis is gaining more and more relevance. The importance of the problem is also due to the fact that the disease most often occurs among people of the most working age – from 20 to 50 years. The absolute number of registered patients with urolithiasis increases every year by 12–20%. Kidney stone disease is one of the most frequent causes of chronic renal failure (CRF) in urological patients. The development of the most severe complication – acute calculous pyelonephritis – creates an urgent situation. Aim. To conduct an analysis of literary sources in order to analyze the effectiveness of the use of modern methods in the diagnosis of urolithiasis. Materials and methods. A scientific search was carried out for the period from 2000 to 2022. according to the primary search strategy "diagnosis of urolithiasis", "urolithiasis", and the AND/OR combination in the scientific databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science. Results. In the presence of a calculus or expansion of the cavity system of the kidney, an inspection urography is performed; which divides kidney stones into two groups, X-ray negative and X-ray positive, which makes it possible to indirectly judge the chemical composition of the stone. According to the results of urography and ultrasound examination of the kidneys based on clinical and laboratory data, it is possible to assume the possibility of using minimally invasive methods of stone removal. Sufficient grounds for refusing X-ray examination are the detection of calculi in the pelvic-pelvic system during ultrasound, as well as complications in the form of hydrocalycosis or hydronephrosis. The informativeness of excretory urography is also limited in patients with renal colic at the height of a pain attack, with a non-functioning kidney and chronic renal failure. Conclusions. Priority methods of nephro-urolithiasis research should be considered radiological, where preference is given to multispiral computed tomography, in other cases, the first line of diagnosis is ultrasound dopplerometry with mapping. Kidney function is finally decided when choosing radioisotope X-ray scintigraphs.
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